18-1-707 Archives

Colorado has some of the most comprehensive use-of-force laws in the nation. Whether you’re a peace officer, armed guard, concealed carry permit holder, or private citizen, understanding C.R.S. § 18-1-707 is essential. This statute governs how and when force can be used—and the consequences for getting it wrong.

🔹 Nonviolent Means Must Come First

Before using force, a peace officer in Colorado is required by law to exhaust all nonviolent means when possible. The use of force is only permitted when it is:

Objectively reasonable
Necessary to achieve a lawful goal
Proportional to the threat involved

De-escalation is not just encouraged—it’s required.

🔹 When Officers Can Use Physical Force

According to C.R.S. § 18-1-707(1), physical force by a peace officer may only be used if:

Nonviolent methods would be ineffective, and
The officer needs to:
- Effect an arrest
- Prevent an escape
- Protect themselves or others from imminent injury

The force must minimize harm and be tailored to the situation.

🔹 When Deadly Force Is Allowed

Deadly physical force may only be used when:

The suspect committed a felony involving deadly force,
The suspect poses an immediate threat of death or serious bodily injury, and
There is no reasonable alternative that would avoid that threat.

Officers must also:

Identify themselves as law enforcement (if feasible)
Give a verbal warning before using deadly force (if feasible)

All actions must align with the “objectively reasonable officer” standard, meaning they are judged based on what a reasonable officer would do at the time, not in hindsight.

🔹 Prohibited Tactics Under Colorado Law

Several force techniques are explicitly banned under C.R.S. § 18-1-707:

❌ Chokeholds – Defined as pressure on the neck or throat restricting airflow.
❌ Ketamine Orders – Officers may not instruct or influence EMS to administer ketamine.
❌ Prone Restraint – Holding someone face-down is prohibited unless deadly force is otherwise justified. If used, the restrained person must be repositioned immediately to allow breathing.

🔹 Officer Duties After Using Force

Following any use of force—especially deadly force—officers are legally required to:

Render medical aid to injured persons as soon as practicable
Notify next of kin in the case of serious bodily injury or death

Failure to do so could result in civil and criminal liability.

🔹 Duty to Intervene and Report

Peace officers are not only responsible for their own actions—they are legally required to hold each other accountable.

Officers must intervene to stop another officer from using unlawful or excessive force.
They must report it in writing to a supervisor within 10 days.

Failure to intervene or report can lead to disciplinary action, decertification, or prosecution.

🔹 Use of Force by Private Citizens (Citizen’s Arrest)

Colorado law also permits private citizens to use force under limited conditions.

Under C.R.S. § 18-1-707(6), a private person may use reasonable and appropriate force:

To effect an arrest
To prevent the escape of someone who committed an offense in their presence

However, deadly force is only allowed when:

The person reasonably believes it is necessary to defend themselves or others from the imminent use of deadly force

Deadly force cannot be used merely to stop someone from fleeing or resisting a citizen’s arrest.

🔹 Assisting a Peace Officer — With Caution

C.R.S. § 18-1-707(5) allows private citizens to assist a peace officer if asked or directed to do so.

You are legally justified in using force if you’re assisting law enforcement—but only if:

You are following a lawful order, and
You do not know the arrest is illegal

❗ If you knowingly assist with an unlawful arrest, you may be civilly or criminally liable.

🔹 Force in Detention Facilities

Guards or officers working in jails or prisons may use deadly force only to:

Prevent the escape of a prisoner charged with or convicted of a felony, or
Stop an escape from maximum-security confinement

As with all uses of force, it must be objectively reasonable and necessary.

🔹 Civil Liability and Bodycam Evidence

Peace officers who use force outside the scope of the law may face:

Criminal charges
Loss of POST certification
Civil lawsuits
Employment termination

Body-worn camera footage is often the key evidence in determining if force was justified. Civilians involved in use-of-force encounters should also be aware they may be recorded, and those videos could impact legal outcomes.

🧠 Quick Definitions

Term	Meaning
Deadly Force	Force likely to cause death or serious bodily injury
Chokehold	Pressure to the neck, throat, or windpipe that restricts breathing
Prone Restraint	Holding a person face-down while restrained
Objective Reasonableness	Judging actions based on what a reasonable officer would do under similar circumstances

✅ Conclusion

Colorado’s C.R.S. § 18-1-707 sets a high legal standard for when and how force may be used—by both officers and private citizens. Whether you’re carrying a firearm for self-defense, working in law enforcement, or training others, you need to know the law, apply it properly, and document any use-of-force decisions carefully.

⚠️ Legal Disclaimer

The information provided in this article is for general educational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. While we strive to keep our content accurate and up to date, laws may change or be interpreted differently depending on the facts of a specific case.

If you are involved in a use-of-force incident or have questions about your legal rights or responsibilities, you should consult a qualified attorney licensed in the state of Colorado. Neither the author nor this publication assumes any liability for actions taken based on the information provided.

Concealed Carry

Understanding Objectivity and Subjectivity in Security Guard Investigations

May 31, 2024 Mark Schneider

When investigating crimes, incidents, or accidents, security guards must distinguish between objectivity and subjectivity. Understanding these concepts is crucial, especially within the framework of Colorado laws and statutes, to ensure that actions taken are lawful and appropriate.

Defining Objectivity and Subjectivity

Objectivity refers to the practice of making decisions based on observable and verifiable facts, devoid of personal feelings, interpretations, or prejudice. An objective approach relies on clear evidence and facts that can be independently verified.

Subjectivity, on the other hand, involves personal feelings, opinions, and biases. Decisions made subjectively are influenced by an individual’s personal perspectives and emotions, which can vary widely from person to person.

Differences Between Objectivity and Subjectivity

Basis: Objectivity is grounded in facts and evidence, while subjectivity is based on personal feelings and opinions.
Consistency: Objective assessments are consistent and replicable by others, whereas subjective assessments can vary significantly between individuals.
Reliability: Objectivity provides a reliable basis for decision-making, ensuring fairness and impartiality. Subjectivity can lead to biased or unfair decisions.

Legal Framework for Security Guards in Colorado

In Colorado, several statutes govern the actions of security guards when investigating and detaining individuals. Key statutes include:

Colorado Revised Statutes 18-1-707

Use of Physical Force in Making an Arrest or in Preventing an Escape

Colorado Revised Statutes 18-1-707 outlines the conditions under which physical force may be used in making an arrest or preventing an escape. For security guards, this statute is crucial as it delineates the circumstances and limitations for using force:

Authorization to Use Force: Security guards can use the minimum and necessary amount physical force when they reasonably believe it is necessary to make an arrest or prevent an escape from custody.
Reasonable Force: The force used must be reasonable and proportionate to the situation. Excessive force is prohibited.
Deadly Force: Deadly force can only be used if the security guard reasonably believes it is necessary to protect themselves or others from imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury.

Colorado Revised Statutes 18-4-407

Detention of Suspected Shoplifters

Colorado Revised Statutes 18-4-407 provides guidelines for the detention of individuals suspected of shoplifting:

Reasonable Grounds: Security guards must have reasonable grounds to believe that a person has committed or is committing theft within the premises.
Detention: The suspected shoplifter can be detained in a reasonable manner and for a reasonable length of time to investigate the suspected theft.
Investigation: During the detention, security guards may conduct an investigation, including requesting the individual to identify themselves and verify ownership of the property in question.
Notification of Law Enforcement: After detaining the suspected shoplifter, security guards should promptly notify law enforcement authorities to handle the situation further.

Colorado Revised Statutes 16-3-201

Arrest by a Private Person

Colorado Revised Statutes 16-3-201 details the conditions under which a private person, including a security guard, can make an arrest:

Commission of a Crime: A security guard can arrest a person if a crime has been committed in their presence. The crime must be witnessed directly, and the security guard must have firsthand knowledge of it.
Immediate Pursuit: If a crime has been committed and the suspect is attempting to escape, a security guard may pursue and detain the individual immediately. Note that this must follow the companies policies, post orders, detainment and use of force policy.
Use of Force: The statute allows for the use of reasonable force to make the arrest, similar to the provisions under 18-1-707.

Probable Cause and Physical Witnessing

Under statutes 18-1-707 and 16-3-201, security guards must have probable cause and physically witness a crime to detain a person. Probable cause requires a reasonable belief, based on objective facts, that a person has committed a crime. This contrasts with reasonable suspicion, which is a lower standard used by only police officers that allows for temporary detention and investigation.

The Role of Objectivity in Detaining Individuals

When detaining individuals under the relevant Colorado statutes, security guards must base their actions strictly on objective evidence. Here are key points to ensure objectivity:

Direct Observation: Detainment must be based on directly witnessing a crime or incident. Hearsay or indirect evidence is insufficient.
Clear Evidence: Collect and document clear evidence that supports the decision to detain, such as video footage, witness statements, and physical evidence.
Avoid Personal Bias: Ensure that personal feelings, prejudices, or assumptions do not influence the decision to detain. Focus solely on the facts.
Consistent Application: Apply the same standards and procedures to all individuals to ensure fairness and impartiality.

Examples of Objectivity in Action

Example 1: Suspected Shoplifting

A security guard at a retail store observes a customer acting suspiciously. The guard notices the customer taking several items off the shelves and placing them in a large bag. The customer then bypasses the checkout counters and heads towards the exit.

Direct Observation: The security guard directly witnesses the customer placing items into the bag and attempting to leave without paying.
Clear Evidence: The guard has clear evidence, such as video footage from the store’s surveillance system, showing the customer’s actions.
Detainment: Based on the objective evidence, the guard detains the customer in a reasonable manner as per CRS 18-4-407.
Investigation: The guard asks the customer to identify themselves and verify the ownership of the items. The customer is unable to provide a receipt or proof of purchase.
Notification of Law Enforcement: The guard promptly notifies the police, who arrive to take over the situation.

This scenario demonstrates the guard’s objective approach, relying on direct observation and clear evidence, ensuring the detention is lawful and appropriate.

Example 2: Trespassing Incident

A security guard at a private property recognizes an individual who had previously been issued a trespass notice by the police for the same location. The guard has a record of the trespass notice and a photo of the individual.

Direct Observation: The security guard directly observes the individual entering the property, which they have been legally prohibited from accessing.
Clear Evidence: The guard has documented evidence, including the trespass notice issued by the police and a photograph of the individual.
Detainment: Based on CRS 16-3-201, the guard detains the individual, ensuring the use of reasonable force as necessary.
Notification of Law Enforcement: The guard immediately contacts the police to report the trespassing and request their assistance.

In this example, the security guard’s actions are guided by objective evidence – the documented trespass notice and direct observation of the individual violating it. This ensures the detainment is lawful and justified.

Conclusion

For security guards in Colorado, understanding and distinguishing between objectivity and subjectivity is essential when investigating crimes, incidents, or accidents. By adhering to objective standards and ensuring actions are supported by clear and verifiable evidence, security guards can lawfully and effectively carry out their duties under statutes 18-1-707, 18-4-407, and 16-3-201. In addition to following legal requirements, security guards must also adhere to their company’s policies, post orders, use of force policies, and detainment policies to avoid any professional repercussions or termination. This comprehensive approach not only ensures compliance with the law but also upholds the principles of fairness and justice in their work.

Concealed Carry

Can a Security Guard Detain You in Colorado?

February 2, 2024 Mark Schneider

In Colorado, the role and authority of security guards, especially those hired by private companies, are subject to specific legal stipulations. These professionals operate under the extension of the property owner’s or manager’s authority, effectively acting as their agents. This delegation of power allows them to enforce property rules and applicable laws. Understanding the legal framework surrounding a security guard’s ability to detain individuals is crucial, particularly in light of Colorado Revised Statutes (CRS) 16-3-201, 18-1-707, and 18-4-407.

Legal Basis for Detention by Security Guards

CRS 16-3-201: Arrest by a Private Person
This statute permits any individual, not just peace officers, to arrest another if a crime is or has been committed in their presence. This provision empowers security guards to detain individuals suspected of committing a crime on the premises they are tasked to protect.
CRS 18-1-707: Use of Force by Peace Officers
Although primarily addressing peace officers, subsection (7) extends the justification for using “reasonable and appropriate physical force” to private individuals, including security guards, for the purposes of effecting an arrest or preventing the escape of a detained individual. Importantly, the use of deadly force is strictly limited to situations where the guard reasonably believes it necessary to defend themselves or others from imminent use of deadly physical force.
CRS 18-4-407: Questioning of Person Suspected of Theft
This statute specifically allows merchants or their employees, which can include security guards, to detain and question individuals suspected of theft based on “good faith and probable cause.” The law offers a shield against civil or criminal liability for actions taken in the reasonable pursuit of preventing theft, including false arrest or unlawful detention, provided they are based on reasonable grounds.

Examples of Detention by Security Guards

Detaining Shoplifters: If a security guard observes someone concealing merchandise and attempting to leave a store without paying, they can detain the individual for questioning and potentially arrest them for theft. The guard’s actions are protected under CRS 18-4-407 as long as they have probable cause and handle the situation in a reasonable manner.
Preventing Property Damage: A security guard may detain someone vandalizing property if the act is committed in their presence, under the broad authority granted by CRS 16-3-201. The detention can be made to prevent further damage and hold the individual until law enforcement arrives.
Handling Trespassers: If an individual refuses to leave a property upon request and commits any offense, a security guard can detain the person for trespassing. The guard’s authority to act in such situations is an extension of the property owner’s rights.
Intervening in Assaults: When witnessing an assault, a security guard can detain the assailant to protect the victim and others from harm, leveraging CRS 18-1-707’s provision on using force to effect an arrest or prevent the escape of someone who has committed an offense.
Handling Intoxicated Individuals: Suppose a security guard is working at a private event or venue where alcohol is served, and they encounter an individual who is visibly intoxicated, causing a disturbance or potentially endangering themselves or others. The security guard can detain the individual to prevent harm, based on CRS 18-1-707, which allows for the use of reasonable force to ensure the safety of the premises and its occupants. The guard’s intervention can include moving the person to a safe location on the premises and waiting for law enforcement to arrive to handle the situation further.
Responding to Unauthorized Access: Imagine a scenario where a security guard is responsible for monitoring a restricted area within a commercial building. If an individual bypasses security measures (e.g., jumps a fence, bypasses a keycard access system) and enters the restricted area without authorization, the security guard can detain the trespasser. This action is supported by CRS 16-3-201, as the guard is witnessing a crime (trespassing) in their presence. The detention serves to prevent potential threats to security, property, or sensitive information until law enforcement can take over.
Preventing Fare Evasion in Transit Systems: Security guards employed by transit authorities have the responsibility to ensure that passengers comply with fare requirements. When a guard observes someone attempting to evade paying the fare, they can detain the individual for questioning and potentially issue a citation or wait for police intervention, relying on the authority granted by CRS 18-4-407. This statute provides the legal backing to question and detain individuals suspected of theft, which in this context, includes fare evasion. The aim is to uphold the transit authority’s rules and ensure fair treatment for all passengers.

Key Considerations:

Establishing Probable Cause: Guards must have clear, reasonable grounds for suspecting that a crime has been committed before detaining an individual.
Proportionality of Force: Any physical intervention must be the minimum necessary to safely detain the individual, with deadly force strictly reserved for situations of imminent threat to life.
Duration and Manner of Detention: Detentions should be conducted in a manner that is respectful of the individual’s rights, and for no longer than necessary to resolve the situation or transfer custody to law enforcement.

These examples underscore the importance of training and judgment for security guards in exercising their detention powers. By understanding and adhering to the legal framework provided by Colorado statutes, security guards can effectively perform their duties while ensuring the rights and safety of all individuals involved.

Limitations and Responsibilities

While security guards have the authority to detain individuals under specific circumstances, it’s paramount that they understand the limits of their powers. The use of force must be reasonable and proportional to the situation. Guards must also be aware of the legal implications of their actions, including the potential for personal liability if they exceed their authority or misuse their power.

In summary, security guards in Colorado do have the authority to detain individuals under certain conditions, as outlined by state law. However, this power comes with significant responsibility to act within the bounds of the law, ensuring the safety and rights of all individuals are respected.

Legal Disclaimer

This article is intended to provide a general overview of the legal authority of security guards to detain individuals and use physical force in the state of Colorado, as outlined in specific Colorado Revised Statutes (CRS). The information provided herein is for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or a comprehensive guide to all legal aspects related to security guards’ powers or private individuals’ rights in Colorado or elsewhere.

Laws and interpretations of those laws can vary significantly by jurisdiction and are subject to change based on new legislation, case law, or administrative or judicial interpretations. The scenarios and examples provided in this article are hypothetical and should not be taken as legal precedent or specific legal advice for any individual case or situation.

For legal advice concerning specific situations or for guidance regarding the application of the law to particular facts, it is recommended to consult a licensed attorney who specializes in the relevant area of law. The author of this article and any associated entities disclaim any liability for actions taken or not taken based on the content of this article. Reliance on any information provided herein is solely at your own risk.

Tag: 18-1-707

Colorado Use of Force Law Explained: What C.R.S. § 18-1-707 Means for Officers and Citizens